It was used by Hannibal, against the Romans, at the Battle of Cannae in 216 BC, and by Khalid ibn al-Walid, against the Persian Empire at the Battle of Walaja in 633 AD. These capabilities are most relevant for Marines as they can perform fires-like missions. The principal tool is moving forces into unexpected places at surprisingly high speeds. Third, it will describe instances of maneuver warfare during current operations. Rather than seeking victory by applying superior force and mass to achieve physical destruction, maneuver uses preemption, deception, dislocation, and disruption to destroy the enemy's will and ability to fight. The last revision of Warfighting was signed by Gen Charles C. Krulak in 1997, eight years after it appeared as FMFM 1, Warfighting. There were two exceptions: Germany and the United States Marine Corps. It may be time to review just what this term means and why its important to the United States Marine Corps. "[citation needed], The British Joint Forces are limited to consider air assault or airmobile operations in their 2016 publication "Joint Doctrine Note on Air Manoeuvre".[12]. Marine foot infantry may have to become lighter if it is to fight maneuver warfare effectively in appropriate terrain. This short history of the development of maneuver warfare in the Marine Corps may illuminate some worthwhile questions for the Marine Corps today as it faces yet another transition after long period of war: Is there institutional pain today sufficient to drive doctrinal and other reform? It had the effect of turning attrition into a dirty word. It is important to understand that the maneuver warfare movement emerged at a particular moment in history. That strategy is an important quality in supporting the effectiveness of maneuver warfare and was used again by Carl von Clausewitz. During the interwar period, the British developed ideas for fully-mechanized all-arms warfare with the Experimental Mechanized Force. [2], Historically, maneuver warfare was stressed by small militaries, more cohesive, better trained, or more technologically advanced than attrition warfare counterparts. Expeditionary Maneuver Warfare Concept - JSTOR The maneuver warfare movement must be judged an institutional success in that maneuver warfare became Marine Corps doctrine and has remained so for over three decades. On the contrary, firepower is central to maneuver warfare. This is one of the fundamental principles of the German army and is central to their concept of mission orders tactics (Auftragstaktik). Marine Corps Doctrinal Publications - Research Topics - Research Guides Theories in Germany about armored warfare have some similarities with interwar theories of British officers J.F.C. [5], The war theorist Martin van Creveld identifies six main elements of maneuver warfare:[6]. Mission orders tactics require company and field grade officers to understand the concepts of maneuver war and of the operation in which they are engaged. An army becomes individual corps, then depleted divisions, then broken and scattered remnants. Traditionally, the Marine Corps has focused on a triad of field artillery plus close air support and naval surface fire support to provide the firepower necessary to conduct maneuver warfare. The Germans and the Marine Corps succeeded in combining existing technologies and ideas in unique and innovative ways to produce something larger than the sum of the parts. The maneuver warfare tactic has been used throughout history. Tanks, aircraft, landing craft, and radios were all introduced, but not effectively integrated, during World War I or before. Another dichotomy discussed in this section is attrition versus maneuver warfare. The question is whether the Marine Corps as an organization is structured, trained, equipped, and educated to execute maneuver warfare effectively in the modern context. Maneuver is relational movement. Out-maneuvering our opponents will increasingly require us to divorce the concept of maneuver from maneuver units. . Logistics. Improving Maneuver Warfighting with Antoine-Henri Jomini - MCU It is the structure of those brigades, however, that is key. A key requirement for success in maneuver warfare is up-to-date accurate intelligence on the disposition of key enemy command, support, and combat units. Heinz Guderian was a leading proponent of armored combat. The Marine Corps has developed coordination between the GCE and the ACE into a fine art, how can it do the same for coordination with the LCE? There is no question Marines can meet the challenge. The Marine Corps split into two camps: the maneuverists and the attritionists. Electronic warfare has been a U.S. asset for years, but sophisticated systems that can disrupt, deceive, and destroy vital electronic systems are proliferating to many of our adversaries. According to FMFM 1: Maneuver warfare is a warfighting philosophy that seeks to shatter the enemys cohesion through a series of rapid, violent, and unexpected actions which create a turbulent and rapidly deteriorating situation with which he cannot cope. Boyd used to talk about tearing the enemy apart from the inside. In other words, where attrition warfare attacks the components of the enemy system to degrade them, maneuver warfare attacks the relationships between those components to break the coherent functioning of the system. Sun Tzu's aphorism of winning without fighting encapsulates its purest formavoiding an opponent's strengths while exploiting their weaknesses and attacking their critical vulnerabilities. We believe that the human dimension of war is the most critical element, and that boldness, creativity, intelligence, and the warrior spirit are prime attributes. 30 Nov 2015 | SSIC 05000 General Admin & Management, Hosted by Defense Media Activity - WEB.mil. But they are not likely to have many such officers, and flexibility may be lacking in field forces. Some train-borne maneuvering took place during the American Civil War in the 1860s, but the sizes of the armies involved meant that the system could provide only limited support. 25. As a reflection of the Marine Corps maneuver warfare philosophy, MCDP 1, Warfighting achieved this cohesion for the Marine Corps of the late 20th century. The Germans presented the French with a succession of new and unexpected situations at a pace too rapid for the French observation-decisionaction cycle. Its nature never changes. FMFM 1s default was the classic military force-on-force model. Conventional warfare doctrine identifies a spectrum with attrition warfare and maneuver warfare on opposite ends. (The German literally means taking-down strategy, as in a take down in wrestling. An attrition contest between well-equipped Iraqi mechanized divisions and a single MAF would not be promising. How can emergent capabilities facilitate amphibious operations and how can the Marine Corps overcome adversaries ashore who employ capabilities and technology on par with our own. The truncated chain of command fosters rapid C2 as there is just one headquarters level between brigade commanders and the Russian General Staff.22 (There is some indication that Russia is reversing this decision, however.23) The professionalism of Russian soldiers has also increased as conscription continues to be phased out. 1. As an organization, it behooves the Marine Corps to assess whether it is strategically fit for its environment, in this case the prosecution of maneuver warfare in the 21st century. They further camouflaged themselves by dropping their trademark black uniforms and wearing brown civilian clothing like the rebels. Force protection extends across all Marine Corps functional areas, from fire support coordination to acquisitions to cyber defense. Matthew Hipple, China: Leap-Frogging U.S. QPME: Warfighting: History of the MCDP, Roots of Maneuver Warfare, and Maneuver war relates directly to the probable main mission of the Corps during the remainder of this century, supporting the United States friends in the Third World. Both his ability to move huge armies to give battle where he wanted and the style of his choice would become legendary, and he was seen as undefeatable, even against larger and superior forces. Maneuver warfare is a war tactic that focuses on catching the enemy by surprise, making it impossible to organize a defense or seek out reinforcements. This means that the use of asymmetric, hybrid, and unconventional approaches will only increase in the future. The defeat mechanism of maneuver warfare was much harder to put your finger on. In the cumulative destruction of the forces ranged against one another which characterizes an attrition contest, the inferior force will inevitably be defeated. In terms of technology, autonomous robot systems and radio-frequency weapons will be more common and adversaries will be able to easily achieve C3/ISR (command, control, and communications/intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance) capabilities commensurate with our own whether they are state or non-state actors.3 Lastly, the importance of information operations will skyrocket. Changes will be required in the Marine Corps if it is to fight maneuver warfare effectively. Our Warfighting Philosophy. We will concentrate fires and forces at decisive points to destroy enemy elements when the opportunity presents itself and when it fits our larger purposes. Attacks ooze through and around enemy defenses. Others equated maneuver warfare with mechanized warfare, likely based on the tendency to associate maneuver warfare with the German blitzkrieg of the Second World War. Recently, the concepts behind maneuver war have been organized and expanded into an overall theory of conflict. The core of maneuver warfare is a preference for maneuver: attacking from an advantageous position or angle. Lastly, the United States does retain dominance on land, sea, and in the air when it comes to high-end combat. Most notably for the Marine Corps, the study predicts, Increased competition across the air and maritime domains,2 a trend that is already obvious in the South China Sea and as Russia takes violent action to ensure its access to the Black Sea in Ukraine and the Mediterranean Sea in Syria. Intelligence, as ever, will drive operations. One of the most famous early maneuver tactics was the double envelopment. MCDP 1 one states exactly this,8 but the idea has seemingly disappeared from discussion. Maneuver warfare would offer a Marine amphibious force (MAF) the best chance in assisting Saudi forces to victory. Retired Air Force Col John Boyd was the movements intellectual godfather. Maneuver warfare is a systemic doctrine, which was a hard sell in 1989. The second was that the German army was the only modern army to codify its maneuver doctrine. Gray, of course, was the leading exponent of maneuver warfare, providing impetus and top cover. But then the Army would become another Marine Corps, and few force planners think we need two. PDF MANEUVER WARFARE IN A JOINT ENVIRONMENT by J. D. Foldberg Major, USMC Stagnation is perhaps the antithesis of maneuver warfare. A second aspect of the historical context of maneuver warfare is that it is a product of the Cold War era and implicitly reflects that paradigm. Its character, how it is expressed in the real world, is never the same. In Gen Alfred M. Grays preface to the updated edition, he stated that, Like war itself, our approach to war fighting must evolve. The character of modern warfare is a clear convergence in the levels of war: tactical actions can have instant and global strategic effects in a global digital media environment. The conflict is more physical than mental. In recent years, however, both electronic warfare and cyber warfare have been developed by ourselves and by our adversaries. Is it a result of the Marine Corps no longer embracing maneuver warfare in practice? Our philosophy of war- fighting, as described in the manual, is in consonance with joint doctrine, contributing to our ability to operate harmoni- ously with the other Services. 23. Section three goes on to say that commanders are expected to provide adequate time for subordinate unit training at each echelon,15 but more training is now mandated than there are training days in a year.16 Our personnel management system is supposed to, recognize that all Marines of a given grade and occupational specialty are not interchangeable and should assign people to billets based on specific ability and temperament.17. The idea of using rapid movement to keep an enemy off balance is as old as war itself. Effective decision making requires both the situational understanding to recognize the essence of a given problem and the creative ability to devise a practical solution. This philosophy stresses the need for decentralized decision-making in order to maintain the initiative on the battlefield. This is a threat to our moral cohesion as a fighting force and one that should concern all of us. Conversely, it is the esprit de corps and cohesion of Marine Corps units that makes them potent no matter the physical and mental adversity.
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