epworth sleepiness scale pdf

His research and clinical practice focuses on the entire myriad of sleep disorders. Add up the numbers you selected for the eight situations to get your total score. A simplified model of screening questionnaire and home monitoring for obstructive sleep apnoea in primary care. If you have narcolepsy, you'll usually fall asleep easily and enter rapid eye movement (REM) sleep very quickly. The Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) is a self-administered questionnaire developed to measure daytime sleepiness. Somnologie - Schlafforschung und Schlafmedizin. Talk to your GP about your circumstances. Practice, Formerly Australian Family Physician (AFP). Add the values together and note the total at the bottom. Depression is also a risk factor for an incomplete response to CPAP treatment and may need to beindependently addressed, snoring and witnessed apneas (category 1), daytime sleepiness or fatigue (category 2). The translated ESS was compared to the multiple sleep latency test (MSLT), considered the gold standard for the diagnosis of excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS). Dr. Scammell explains the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Next review due: 30 December 2025, underactive thyroid gland (hypothyroidism), electrooculography, which monitors eye movements, electromyography (EMG), which monitors muscle tone, recordings of movements in your chest and tummy (abdomen), recordings of airflow through your mouth and nose, pulse oximetry, which measures your heart rate and blood oxygen levels. Intemational Classification of Sleep Disorders, Sleep disturbances in Parkinson's disease, Evidence-Based Recommendations for the Assessment and Management of Sleep Disorders in Older Persons: ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF SLEEP DISORDERS IN OLDER PERSONS, Epworth sleepiness scale in obstructive sleep disordered breathing: the reliability and validity of the Thai version, Evaluation of sleep disordered breathing using non-contact remote bio-radiolocation method, Screening for sleep dysfunction after traumatic brain injury, Maintenance of Wakefulness Test scores and driving performance in sleep disorder patients and controls. Abuse of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea in adults. National Center for Biotechnology Information 571629 - Sleep Disorder Center - Epworth Sleepiness Scale (English & Spanish) Author: Jelwell Surprisingly, very few studies have assessed the performance of the questionnaires in primary care populations. However, the ESS alone cannot diagnose excessive daytime sleepiness or any other sleep disorder. Prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea in the general population: A systematic review. Known risk factors include obesity, adenotonsillar hypertrophy (mainly seen in children and young adults), increasing age, type 2 diabetes, alcohol and sedative use, and hypertension that is difficult to control.5,6 Because many patients with OSA may be minimally symptomatic, it is unclear whether there are overall benefits to widespread screening of either the general population or high-risk individuals (eg those with type 2 diabetes). Approach to the patient with a sleep or wakefulness disorder. First, they may be concerned about their own daily symptoms. Chai-Coetzer CL, Antic NA, Rowland LS, et al. Even if you havent done some of these things recently, try to work out how they would have affected you. Long-term Efficacy and Safety of Tonic Motor Activation (TOMAC) for Treatment of Medication-Refractory Restless Legs Syndrome: A 24-Week Open-label Extension Study. PDF Epworth Sleepiness Scale - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention You'll be asked to takeseveral naps throughout the day, and a specialist will analyse how quickly and easily you fall asleep. When you finish the test, add up the values of your responses. Based on your answers, we will calculate your free Figure 1. The Epworth Sleepiness Scale works by asking a person to rate on a scale of 0 to 3 how likely they are to fall asleep in different situations. If you scored 11 or higher, consider seeing a sleep medicine specialist to diagnose and treat the cause of your sleepiness. EDS is not a sleep disorder, rather it occurs as a Add up the numbers you selected for the eight situations to get your total score. The Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) is a short questionnaire designed to Your total score is based on a scale of 0 to 24. Sleep Med Rev 2017;34:70-81. doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2016.07.002. Our editors and medical experts rigorously evaluate every article and guide to ensure the information is factual, up-to-date, and free of bias. Epworth Sleepiness Scale Name: _____ Date: _____ Your age: (Yr) _____ Your sex: Male Female How likely are you to doze off or fall asleep in the situations described below, in contrast to feeling tired? The first screening questionnaire for OSA that was designed specifically for use in general practice was the Berlin Questionnaire (BQ).12 The BQ was a consensus outcome following a conference on sleep in primary care held in Berlin, Germany, in 1996 that was attended by US and German respiratory and primary care physicians. Watching TV. Yes No Yes No Yes No DO YOU: View Source If you have health concerns or need clinical advice, call our helplineon0300 222 5800between 9am and 5pm on a weekday or email them. CDC twenty four seven. Use the following scale to choose the most appropriate number for each situation: It is important that you answer each question as best you can. A deep dive into the physiological differences responsible for OSA between races. ESS is just one test The test can also be sent electronically through a secure online health portal. Martnez-Garca MA, Capote F, Campos-Rodrguez F, et al. Saving Lives, Protecting People, The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Emergency Preparedness and Response Program, Interim NIOSH Training for Emergency Responders, IV. The BQ consists of 11 items within three different categories thataskabout: Patients are then classified as either highrisk or low risk for OSA. Reducing the proper function of cells that attack cancer cells and viruses. This is the major reversible risk factor for OSA, and OSA symptoms commonly develop in conjunction with a period of rapid weight gain. These include peer-reviewed journals, government reports, academic and medical associations, and interviews with credentialed medical experts and practitioners. JAMA 2017;317(4):40714. The ESS differentiates between average sleepiness and excessive daytime sleepiness that requires intervention. (617) 732-4013, 2023 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. UpToDate delivers evidence-based clinical decision support that is clear, actionable, and rich with real-world insights. can be used for adolescent To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. Darien, IL. ESS score may vary when taken at different times, American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM). A requiem for the clinical use of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Reference: Dr Johns personal website about the ESS. ESS cut-off scores with best sensitivity and specificity were 12 and 17. A new method for measuring daytime sleepiness: the Epworth . Excessive daytime sleepiness: daytime sleepiness and sleep habits of Australian workers. Potential flow chart for OSA investigation, ASA, Australasian Sleep Association; BQ, Berlin Questionnaire; CPAP, continuous positive airway pressure; ESS, Epworth Sleepiness Scale; GP, general practitioner; NATA, National Association of Testing Authorities, Australia; OSA, obstructive sleep apnoea; Rx, treatment. GPs may directly order a sleep test (either at home or in a sleep laboratory), without the patient first needing a clinical review by a sleep or respiratory specialist, if certain criteria are met. Terms of Use and Sleep 2004;27(3):53640. Sleep Health 2017;3(1):3542. More than 2 million healthcare providers around the world choose UpToDate to help make appropriate care decisions and drive better health outcomes. They rated the chances that they would doze off or fall asleep when in eight different situations commonly encountered in daily life. Antic NA, Buchan C, Esterman A, et al. Quantifying sleepiness. symptom of another health issue doi: 10.1016/j.sleh.2016.11.005. doi: 10.1001/jama.2013.281250. UpToDate Official website of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale., Retrieved September 1, 2022, from, Paruthi, S. (2022, April 15). Sensors will alsobe placed on your legs and an oxygen sensor will be attached to your finger. A positive result supports a diagnosis, but does not make it 100% certain 30% of people without narcolepsy also have the genetic marker. ESS should not be used as the sole determinant, a modified version has been designed for children, key information about the bodys functions, Best Anti-Snoring Mouthpieces & Mouthguards, How the Epworth Sleepiness Scale Identifies Excessive Sleepiness. Write the number you have chosen in the box to the right of the situation. A potential advantage of the STOP-BANG questionnaire is that different cut-off scores can be used to trade off sensitivity and specificity. Murray W. Johns, A New Method for Measuring Daytime Sleepiness: The Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Sleep, Volume 14, Issue 6, November 1991, Pages 540545, https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/14.6.540. What is the Epworth Sleepiness Scale? | Sleep Foundation (PDF) Epworth Sleepiness Scale in a Sample of the Spanish Population Sleep 1991;14(6):54045. This refers to your usual way of life in recent times. GPs may refer patients to a sleep or respiratory medicine specialist for a clinical assessment; the specialist can then order a sleep test as appropriate. This can be helpful in diagnosing sleep disorders. PDF Epworth Sleepiness Scale - BioLINCC If you . 16-24: You are excessively sleepy and should consider seeking medical attention. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2869.2010.00854.x. Young T, Skatrud J, Peppard PE. First published in 1899 as a small reference book for physicians and pharmacists, the Manual grew in size and scope to become one of the most widely used comprehensive medical resources for professionals and consumers. It is also very common, beingfound in 617% of the general adult population, with a recent Australian study showing a prevalence of 8.3%.3,4 In general, both mild OSA plus daytime symptoms and moderate-to-severe OSA are indications to consider OSA treatment. a theatre or a meeting). For how long? Copyright N.W. CDC twenty four seven. theatre or a meeting) As a passenger in a car for an hour without a break Lying down to rest in the afternoon when circumstances permit Sitting and talking to someone Sitting quietly after lunch without alcohol In a car, while stopped for a few minutes in the traffic A real-time, personalized sleep intervention using mathematical modelling and wearable devices. Using the Berlin Questionnaire to identify patients at risk for the sleep apnea syndrome. Patient education: Daytime sleepiness (The basics). National Center for Biotechnology Information OSA questionnaire - Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) PDF EPWORTH SLEEPINESS SCALE - Sleep Australia The Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) is a short questionnaire designed to assess daytime sleepiness . A Profile With This Email Address Already Exists! One hundred and eighty adults answered the ESS, including 30 normal men and women as controls and 150 patients . This basic test involves a self-assessment of how likely a person is to fall asleep in eight different situations. The test is a list of eight situations in which you rate your tendency to become sleepy on a scale of 0 (no chance of dozing) to 3 (high chance of dozing). II. doi: 10.5664/jcsm.2170. The National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information. This content was last reviewed on April 13, 2022. Limitations of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Aim: The present study examined the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Pediatric Daytime Sleepiness Scale (PDSS) and the utility of the PDSS as a screening tool for pathological daytime sleepiness in teenagers with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and narcolepsy.Methods: The PDSS was first administered to 238 middle and high school students to assess the reliability of the scale, and then administered to 28 teenagers with OSA, 31 teenagers with narcolepsy, and 34 normal controls to evaluate its clinical utility.Results: Testretest reliability and internal consistency were acceptable. A score of 10 or below means you have the same level of daytime sleepiness as the general population. Registered charity in England and Wales (326730), Scotland (SC038415) and the Isle of Man (1177). Even if you haven't done some of these things recently, try to work out how they would have affected you. The severity of OSA is usually determined by the frequency of obstructive respiratory events and defined by the Apnoea Hypopnoea Index (AHI), which is the average number of respiratory disturbances per hour of sleep. How likely are you to doze off or fall asleep in the following situations, in contrast to feeling just tired? For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. Epworth Sleepiness Scale Copyright M.W. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(15)00043-0. J Sleep Res 2011;20(1 Pt 2):20713. It was introduced in 1991 by Dr Murray Johns of Epworth Hospital in Melbourne, Australia. STOP questionnaire: A tool to screen patients for obstructive sleep apnea. See a GP if you think you have narcolepsy. Sleep Foundation Score Asthma and Lung UK is a company limited by guarantee 01863614 (England and Wales). The ESS-CHAD is modified from the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and has been validated to measure the level of daytime sleepiness in children and adolescents 12 to 18 years of age.1,2 Scoring Interpretation Ensure each question is answered by the patient or caregiver. El Shayeb M, Topfer LA, Stafinski T, Pawluk L, Menon D. Diagnostic accuracy of level 3 portable sleep tests versus level 1 polysomnography for sleep-disordered breathing: A systematic review and meta-analysis. , and Quan S. F. (2013). Saving Lives, Protecting People, The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Emergency Preparedness and Response Program, Interim NIOSH Training for Emergency Responders, IV. It is important that you answer each question as best as you can. SleepFoundation.org is not affiliated with the National Sleep Foundation, an independent nonprofit based in Washington, DC. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. PDF Epworth Sleepiness Scale - Sleep Medicine THE EPWORTH SLEEPINESS SCALE How likely are you to doze off or fall asleep in the following situations, not just feeling tired? When used in conjunction with an OSA screening questionnaire, the ESS is likely to be helpful in identifying patients at high risk of symptomatic disease who will benefit from treatment. UpToDate Your profile will connect you to sleep-improving products, education, and programs curated just for you. Approach to the patient with excessive daytime sleepiness. Epworth Sleepiness Scale Use this scale to determine your patient's level of sleepiness. Each guide and article includes a comprehensive bibliography with full citations and links to the original sources. There are many different ways your sleep can be analysed. Read our full. OSA screening questionnaires at recommended cut-off points tend to have high sensitivity but poor specificity (Table2); in other words, while the majority of patients who have OSA will screen positive, there will be a large number of false-positive results.13,14,16 Therefore, screening questionnaires alone are inadequate for confirming a diagnosis, and patients who have a positive screening test should proceed to further evaluation with formal sleep study testing to confirm the presence orabsence of OSA. The National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information. Use the scale to choose the most appropriate number for each situation. When used for screening OSA, however, the differentiating power was not as good.Conclusion: The PDSS is a reliable and valid tool for the measurement of sleepiness in clinical youth populations. You may also have a blood test to find out whether you have a genetic marker known as HLA DQB * 0602, which is associated with narcolepsy. Several other conditions affecting physical and mental health can also cause EDS. View Source Sleep health of Australian adults in 2016: Results of the 2016 Sleep Health Foundation national survey. Epworth sleepiness scale. A recent review of the literature by the US Preventive Services Task Force has concluded that there is insufficient evidence to support screening for OSA in otherwise asymptomatic individuals.7,8 Nevertheless, a large number of patients presenting to GPs will have symptoms of OSA, and it is important to consider trigger symptoms that warrant further assessment of OSA risk and determination of the need for sleeptesting. Finally, their concerns may relate more to the effect on their bed partner. The maximum score is 24, and a score greater than 10 suggests the presence of excessive sleepiness (Table 19-5). Tell us about your sleep by taking this brief quiz. The ESS generates a simple score to measure daytime drowsiness, and the results of the test can help determine whether a persons level of sleepiness warrants further testing. PDF | On Sep 1, 1997, Ysabel Izquierdo-Vicario and others published Epworth Sleepiness Scale in a Sample of the Spanish Population | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate See how your sleep habits and environment measure up and gauge how adjusting behavior can improve sleep quality. Inaccurate or unverifiable information will be removed prior to publication. The effect of continuous positive airway pressure treatment on blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. As in adults, the UpToDate., Retrieved September 1, 2022, from, Freedman, N. (2021, November 19). Editorial Ethics and Compliance Standards, What is Narcolepsy: Understanding Narcolepsy, What is Narcolepsy: Symptoms of Narcolepsy, What is Narcolepsy: The Science of Narcolepsy, Diagnosing Narcolepsy: Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Diagnosing Narcolepsy: Getting a Diagnosis of Narcolepsy, Diagnosing Narcolepsy: Testing for Narcolepsy, Treating Narcolepsy: Changes Across the Lifespan, Treating Narcolepsy: Developing New Treatments, Undergraduate Opportunities to Perform Scientific Research, Undergraduate Sleep Education: GenEd 1038 at Harvard College, Harvard Extension School, Psych E-1440, "Sleep and Mental Health", Submitting Study Subject Recruitment Notices, Harvard Affiliated Clinical Sleep Programs, Division of Sleep Medicine Annual Poster Session, Stopping for a few minutes in traffic while driving, The Epworth Sleepiness Scale can be used to assess daytime sleepiness. These ranges were established based on the results of a small study that compared ESS scores in people with diagnosed sleep disorders to those in people with no known sleeping problems. assess daytime sleepiness Despite their ability to recognise some patients with sleepiness and a high likelihood of OSA who can proceed to expedited sleep testing, it is important to note that negative questionnaires (particularly the ESS) do not rule out patients having clinically significant OSA. First published in 1899 as a small reference book for physicians and pharmacists, the Manual grew in size and scope to become one of the most widely used comprehensive medical resources for professionals and consumers. for you. Has your snoring ever bothered other people? Merck Manual Professional Version., Retrieved September 1, 2022, from, Karna, B., Sankari, A., & Tatikonda, G. (2022, July 19). Polysomnography is an investigation of your sleep carried out at a specialist sleep centre. PDF Open Access Mexican Version of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale The of cial website for this scale is www. Epworth Sleepiness Scale | Asthma + Lung UK Type 3: Limited channel monitoring of breathing parameters without sleep assessment. (2014). Do you have any unusual behavior during sleep of which you or others are aware? Use the following scale to choose the most appropriate number for each situation: 0 = would never doze 1 = slight chance of dozing 2 = moderate chance of dozing 3 = high chance of dozing Chance of dozing Sitting and reading Watching TV Sitting, inactive in a public place [ie, theatre or a meeting] As a passenger in a car for an hour without a break Adult patients with OSA typically present to GPs for at least one of three major reasons, and these reasons commonly overlap within a patient. The Epworth Sleepiness Scale is used to diagnose obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). The International Classification of Sleep Disorders Third Edition (ICSD-3). American Academy of Sleep Medicine. For example, using a higher cut-off score reduces the sensitivity but increases the specificity of the STOP-BANG questionnaire.16 This means a higher cut-off will miss more cases of OSA when negative, but a positive result will be more likely to be a true positive. Although the same range of scores is used for both the adult ESS and ESS-CHAD, additional research is needed to confirm the accuracy of this test in children of different ages. Doctors may use this test to help identify excessive daytime sleepiness. JAMA 2013;310(22):240715. N Engl J Med 1993;328(17):123035. , a symptom that can impact a persons daily life by impairing concentration, reducing performance at work and school, and increasing the risk of accidents. In addition, there are limitations to how and when the ESS can be used. In some cases, these are sufficient to determine if a person has EDS. Total ESS scores significantly distinguished normal subjects from patients in various diagnostic groups including obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, narcolepsy and idiopathic hypersomnia. The Epworth sleepiness scale (PDF, 64kb) is a questionnaire used to assess how likely it is you'll fall asleep while doing different activities. Cardiovascular diseasesGeneral practitionersObstructive sleep apnoeaPolysomnographyQuality of lifeRisk factorsSleepSleep wake disordersSurveys and questionnaires, Australian Journal of General Practice published by the Royal Australian College of General Practitioners, 100 Wellington Parade, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia AASM sets standards and promotes excellence in sleep medicine health care, education, and research. Plagiarism is never tolerated. Force USPST, Bibbins-Domingo K, Grossman DC, et al. Ann Intern Med 1999;131(7):48591. We assessed the validity of an Italian language version of the Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS). Aim: The present study examined the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Pediatric Daytime Sleepiness Scale (PDSS) and the utility of the PDSS as a screening tool for pathological daytime sleepiness in teenagers with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and narcolepsy.Methods: The PDSS was first administered to 238 middle and high school students to assess the reliability of the . Answering the questions only takes a few minutes and can be done on paper or electronically in a wide range of different settings, including at home. Contact information and permission to use: Mapi Research Trust, Lyon, France. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Your GP will use the results to decide whether to refer you to a sleep specialist. Total your score below. If you're ready for more, sign up to receive our email newsletter! Relationship between daytime sleepiness and blood pressure in healthy older adults.American Journal of Hypertension, 17(9), 787-92. Vital Body Processes Occur During Sleep | NIOSH | CDC Calculating the ESS score is straightforward. Keywords: Diurnal sleepiness, epworth sleepiness scale, multiple sleep latency test, reliability. This refers to your usual way of life in recent times. detect excessive daytime sleepiness All rights reserved. Netzer NC, Stoohs RA, Netzer CM, Clark K, Strohl KP. View Source Talk to your GP about your circumstances. excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) Did you know you can now log your CPD with a click of a button? This basic test involves a self-assessment of how likely a person is to fall asleep in eight different situations. This is a simple, self-administered questionnaire which is shown to provide a measurement of the subject's genera1level of daytime sleepiness. The new Medicare Benefits Schedule (MBS) rules have resulted in two potential pathways to a sleep study. The creators of the ESS established a breakdown of each range of scores. 13-15 moderate excessive daytime symptoms. Available at: http://epworthsleepinessscale.com/about-the-ess/. OSA is associated with hypertension, and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment may improve blood pressure control, particularly if the OSA is severe or the hypertension is treatment-resistant. The combination of SusSL and SL determination at MSLT should be tested as an additional objective differential criterion for EDS disorders. PDF Epworth Sleepiness Scale - Harvard University Johns 199097, Division of Sleep Medicine In StatPearls. Both reliability and validity were proven to be good. Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) involves a disruption of daily life that is caused by drowsiness that arises when a person wants or needs to be awake and alert. The Sleep Foundation editorial team is dedicated to providing content that meets the highest standards for accuracy and objectivity. The ESS may provide additional information, and, depending on the circumstances, other tests may also be recommended to measure sleepiness. Epworth Sleepiness Scale Questionnaire - Sleep Services Australia You are to rate the chance that you would doze off or fall asleep during different routine daytime situations. A score of 10 or greater raises concern: you may need to get more sleep, improve your sleep practices, or seek . Role of clinical, immunological and psychological determinants, A 5-year prospective cohort study on health-related quality of life in patients with narcolepsy, Clinical utility of the Chinese version of the Pediatric Daytime Sleepiness Scale in children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and narcolepsy, Normative values of the German Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Clinical, polysomnographic and genome-wide association analyses of narcolepsy with cataplexy: a European Narcolepsy Network study, Medico-legal assessment of disability in narcolepsy: an interobserver reliability study, Car Crashes and Central Disorders of Hypersomnolence: A French Study, Excessive Daytime Sleepiness and Subjective Sleep Quality in Patients with Nocturnal Frontal Lobe Epilepsy: A Case-Control Study, Pupillometric Assessment of Sleepiness in Narcolepsy, Sleep disorders in adult-onset myotonic dystrophy type 1: a controlled polysomnographic study, The evaluation of the Croatian version of the Epworth sleepiness scale and STOP questionnaire as screening tools for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, Clinical, behavioural and polysomnographic correlates of cataplexy in patients with narcolepsy/cataplexy, Recommendations of the Sleep Study Group of the Italian Dementia Research Association (SINDem) on clinical assessment and management of sleep disorders in individuals with mild cognitive impairment and dementia: a clinical review, Hypersomnia and depressive symptoms: methodological and clinical aspects, High Prevalence of Precocious Puberty and Obesity in Childhood Narcolepsy with Cataplexy, Diretrizes brasileiras para o diagnstico de narcolepsia, [Brazilian guidelines for the diagnosis of narcolepsy], Predictors of Hypocretin (Orexin) Deficiency in Narcolepsy Without Cataplexy, Quality of life in patients with narcolepsy with cataplexy, narcolepsy without cataplexy, and idiopathic hypersomnia without long sleep time: Comparison between patients on psychostimulants, drug-nave patients and the general Japanese population, Impact of acute administration of sodium oxybate on nocturnal sleep polysomnography and on multiple sleep latency test in narcolepsy with cataplexy, Clinical and polysomnographic course of childhood narcolepsy with cataplexy, Mexican Version of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Criterion validity of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: Investigation in a non-clinical sample, Sleep disorders in multiple sclerosis and their relationship to fatigue, Excessive Daytime Sleepiness and Epilepsy: A Systematic Review, Olfactory dysfunction in narcolepsy with cataplexy, Standard procedures for adults in accredited sleep medicine centres in Europe, Focusing on vigilance instead of sleepiness in the assessment of narcolepsy: high sensitivity of the Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART), Objective markers for sleep propensity: comparison between the Multiple Sleep Latency Test and the Vigilance Algorithm Leipzig, Evidence-Based Recommendations for the Assessment and Management of Sleep Disorders in Older Persons, Validation of the ICSD-2 criteria for CSF hypocretin-1 measurements in the diagnosis of narcolepsy in the Danish population, P9-11 Validation of the ICSD-2 criteria for CSF hypocretin-1 measurements in the diagnosis of narcolepsy in the Danish population, Motor events during REM sleep in patients with narcolepsy-cataplexy: a video-polysomnographic pilot study, The burden of narcolepsy with cataplexy: How disease history and clinical features influence socio-economic outcomes, From wakefulness to excessive sleepiness: What we know and still need to know, Difference in the characteristics of subjective and objective sleepiness between narcolepsy and essential hypersomnia, The familial risk and HLA susceptibility among narcolepsy patients in Hong Kong Chinese, Motor events during REM sleep in patients with narcolepsyocataplexy: A video-polysomnographic pilot study, ICSD diagnostic criteria for narcolepsy: interobserver reliability.
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