is mono an autoimmune disease

Somers EC, Ganser MA, Warren JS, Basu N, Wang L, Zick SM, and Park SK. There isn't one single test that can diagnose autoimmune diseases conclusively (with rare exceptions such as with type 1 diabetes), and evaluation usually includes a number of tests including: There are many other tests that may be recommended depending on the condition that is suspected. [2] Spread may occur by objects such as drinking glasses or toothbrushes or through a cough or sneeze. A list of autoimmune diseases and their symptoms. Infectious mononucleosis (IM, mono), also known as glandular fever, is an infection usually caused by the EpsteinBarr virus (EBV). This may explain the association between Epstein-Barr and the EBNA2 disorders: All seven are autoimmune diseases, conditions involving an abnormal immune response to a normal body part. Treatment often . The immune system protects us from viruses, bacteria, foreign substances, and even cancer cells, but does so with a delicate balance. NIEHS has a goal to ensure job opportunities and career enhancements programs for both our work force and our community. Diet influences expression of autoimmune associated genes and disease severity by epigenetic mechanisms in a transgenic lupus model. [14], A small minority of people spontaneously present a rash, usually on the arms or trunk, which can be macular (morbilliform) or papular. Systemic sclerosis. About Infectious Mononucleosis. An autoimmune disease is the result of the immune system accidentally attacking your body instead of protecting it. An additional eight million people have auto-antibodies, blood molecules that indicate a persons chance of developing autoimmune disease. North Melbourne: Therapeutic Guidelines; 2006. medications. Like EGPA, Kawasaki disease involves vasculitis, or the inflammation of blood vessels. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal government site. In: Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2019. The host immune response involves cytotoxic (CD8-positive) T cells against infected B lymphocytes, resulting in enlarged, atypical lymphocytes (Downey cells). Epstein-Barr and Mononucleosis: For Healthcare Providers | CDC In rare instances, mono can lead to whats called chronic active EBV (CAEBV) disease. She is the author of "The Thyroid Diet Revolution.". [2] The liver or spleen may also become swollen,[3] and in less than one percent of cases splenic rupture may occur. Baltimore, 1920;31:410-417. [22] A physical examination may also show petechiae in the palate. Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. Feb. 8, 2019. (Paralysis of the diaphragm requires respiratory support with a ventilator.). Miller FW, Chen W, Terrance P. OHanlon TP, Cooper RG, Vencovsky J, Rider LG, Danko K, Wedderburn LR, Lundberg IE, Pachman LM, Reed AM, Ytterberg SR, Padyukov L, Selva-O'Callaghan A, Radstake TR, Isenberg DA, Chinoy H, Ollier WE, Scheet P, Peng B, Lee A, Byun J, Lamb JA, Gregersen PK, Amos CI, Myositis Genetics Consortium. Plasma cell disorders. Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) care at Mayo Clinic. Association between vitamin D deficiency and antinuclear antibodies in middle-aged and older U.S. adults. But sometimes it can progress to more-serious diseases, including some forms of blood cancer. Eur Thyroid J. Maedica (Bucur). Clin Exp Immunol. Ultraviolet radiation exposure is associated with clinical and autoantibody phenotypes in juvenile myositis. National Institutes of Health. EBV can also weaken the immune system, making it more difficult for the body to fight infection. Mononucleosis is usually caused by EBV. Balfour HH Jr., et al. This abnormal protein is formed within your bone marrow, the soft, blood-producing tissue that fills in the center of most of your bones. What is infectious mononucleosis (mono)? But once infected, the person carries the virus for the rest of their life. [5] The disease occurs equally at all times of the year. There are important differences between viral, fungal, and bacterial meningitis, in terms of their severity, how common they are, and the way they are. The incubation period of the virus is the time between when you contract the infection and when you start to have symptoms. Autoimmun Rev. 2013. [29] About 95% of the population has been exposed to this virus by the age of 40, but only 1520% of teenagers and about 40% of exposed adults actually develop infectious mononucleosis. Children can become infected with mono by sharing eating utensils or drinking glasses, or by being near an infected person who coughs or sneezes. [32] However, it can cause life-threatening illness in infants, people with HIV, transplant recipients, and those with weak immune systems. autoimmune activity. Environ Health Perspect 123(8): 792798. Kawasaki disease. E. Pfeiffer: Drsenfieber. (Last accessed July 19, 2019). EBV appears to play a role in the development of these cancers. [31] Although antivirals are not recommended for people with simple infectious mononucleosis, they may be useful (in conjunction with steroids) in the management of severe EBV manifestations, such as EBV meningitis, peripheral neuritis, hepatitis, or hematologic complications. 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With an autoimmune disease, the reaction causes inflammation and tissue damage. 2015. Each disease is characterized by unique antibodies that detect and target specific proteins on cells called antigens. However, you can get it at any age. Infectious mononucleosis, also called "mono," is a contagious disease. Environ Health Perspect 125(7): 077010. Somers EC, Ganser MA, Warren JS, Basu N, Wang L, Zick SM, and Park SK. Mononucleosis (Mono/Kissing Disease): Symptoms, Causes, and Get a better understanding of the risk of mono relapse. Autoimmune Diseases: How Mono Virus Can Raise Risk - Healthline A ruptured spleen in people who have mono is rare, but it is a life-threatening emergency. After you become infected with EBV, it remains inactive in your body for the rest of your life. For this reason, mono affects mainly high school and college students. Toconnect the dots between EBV, B cells, genetics, and the development of autoimmune disease, a team co-led by Dr John Harley analyzed a large database of DNA sequences from EBV-infected and EBV-negative B cells using an algorithm that identifies regions where proteins that may influence gene transcription are bound to the strand. Monoarthritis is not a type of arthritis itself, but rather a descriptor of the arthritis.. NIH Autoimmune Diseases Coordinating Committee: Progress in Autoimmune Diseases Research, March 2005. [3] It is primarily spread through saliva but can rarely be spread through semen or blood. [22] Nevertheless, in an effort to decrease the risk of splenic rupture experts advise avoidance of contact sports and other heavy physical activity, especially when involving increased abdominal pressure or the Valsalva maneuver (as in rowing or weight training), for at least the first 34 weeks of illness or until enlargement of the spleen has resolved, as determined by a treating physician. Occasionally the disease may persist and result in a chronic infection. Nervous system. Ultraviolet radiation exposure is associated with clinical and autoantibody phenotypes in juvenile myositis. Skin and connective tissue. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includesCrohns disease and ulcerative colitis, refers to chronic inflammation ofthe digestive tract. Its usually in a dormant state, but the virus can be reactivated. Gut microbe drives autoimmunity. Autoimmune diseases can affect a single organ or multiple organs. [46], Other conditions from which to distinguish infectious mononucleosis include leukemia, tonsillitis, diphtheria, common cold and influenza (flu). Rajhumar SV. 2015;278(4):369-95. doi:10.1111/joim.12395, Okada H, Kuhn C, Feillet H, Bach JF. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by pain, swelling, and joint damage. Age is one of the main factors for diagnosing mono along with the most common symptoms: fever, sore throat, and swollen glands. For example, the body may produce antibodies against itself (autoantibodies) that are involved in cleaning up debris after an infection. However, ampicillin and amoxicillin are not recommended during acute EpsteinBarr virus infection as a diffuse rash may develop. 2013. Guillain-Barr Syndrome: Symptoms, Vaccine, Treatment & More Appointments Contact Us This test is specific but not particularly sensitive (with a false-negative rate of as high as 25% in the first week, 510% in the second, and 5% in the third). 2018;56(4):243-248. Genetics of autoimmune diseases: insights from population genetics. Also, infections like the flu virus, mono (mononucleosis), and measles can weaken the immune system for a brief time. Specific symptoms will vary depending on the underlying disorder and may include: Many autoimmune conditions are suspected based on a particular combination of symptoms, although two people can have the same diagnosis and a very different combination of symptoms. Lymphocytes and other immune cells rush to the rescue, creating inflammation. Many college students know it as the virus that causes the "kissing disease," or "mono" (mononucleosis.) Some of the more common organ-specific autoimmune diseases include: Autoantibodies may result in the destruction of thyroid tissue and hypothyroidism, as with Hashimotos thyroiditis, or in the stimulation of thyroid tissue and hyperthyroidism, as with Graves disease. [22], The heterophile antibody test, or monospot test, works by agglutination of red blood cells from guinea pigs, sheep and horses. 13th ed. Blood. An example is a combination of rheumatoid arthritis with autoimmune thyroiditis, or the combination of celiac disease with type 1 diabetes, autoimmune liver disease, or rheumatoid arthritis. According to the CDC, its one of the most common viruses to infect humans around the world. 2012;157:47-58. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2012.09037.x. This may develop into systemic EBV-positive T cell lymphoma. A blood test can show if you have mono. Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocystosis [2][3] Most people are infected by the virus as children, when the disease produces few or no symptoms. Children with mono should wash their hands frequently, especially after sneezing or coughing. Office on Women's Health. Mary Shomon is a writer and hormonal health and thyroid advocate. Some studies indicate that a person can spread the infection for many months, possibly up to a year and a half. This happens when the communication between nerves and muscles breaks down. [21], The most prominent sign of the disease is often the pharyngitis, which is frequently accompanied by enlarged tonsils with pusan exudate similar to that seen in cases of strep throat. That said, an overactive immune response (as with autoimmune diseases) can lead to illness and possibly death. Mononucleosis - Symptoms & causes - Mayo Clinic What Is Mononucleosis? Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments Yes. 2014;3(3):173-8. doi:10.1159/000365211. [citation needed], Acute HIV infection can mimic signs similar to those of infectious mononucleosis, and tests should be performed for pregnant women for the same reason as toxoplasmosis. They might also check the upper left part of your stomach to determine if your spleen is enlarged. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely. Infectious mononucleosis, or "mono", is an infection usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Autoimmune diseases. The word mononucleosis has several senses,[70] but today it usually is used in the sense of infectious mononucleosis, which is caused by EBV. It's unclear why your immune system does this. [28] In adolescents and young adults, symptoms are thought to appear around 46 weeks after initial infection. 2016. When positive, they feature similar specificity to the heterophile antibody test. [2] Most people recover in two to four weeks; however, feeling tired may last for months. In some very rare cases, people who carry the virus develop either Burkitts lymphoma or nasopharyngeal carcinoma, which are both rare cancers. Mono is a common contagious disease. Possible Triggers It is not known how exactly EBV and other infections trigger autoimmune disease. [26], Infectious mononucleosis mainly affects younger adults. For those with weak immune systems, cytomegalovirus can cause more serious illnesses such as pneumonia and inflammations of the retina, esophagus, liver, large intestine, and brain. Rajhumar SV. What causes monocytosis? A healthy immune system knows the difference between your own cells and foreign ones. When found, symptoms tend to be similar to those of common throat infections (mild pharyngitis, with or without tonsillitis). Talk to your doctor about when you can return to your normal activities. It is often first diagnosed in women as a cause of frequent miscarriages or preterm births, or when blood clots and/or bruising occur without an obvious cause. Less commonly, it can also be caused by other viruses like the cytomegalovirus (CMV). It can only be contracted through direct contact with an infected person's saliva, such as through kissing or sharing toothbrushes. People normally get mono only once in their lives. The 'hygiene hypothesis' for autoimmune and allergic diseases: an update. Mono is typically not serious. Cojocaru M, Cojocaru IM, Silosi I, Vrabie CD. Factors that increase your risk of developing MGUS include: Each year about 1% of people with MGUS go on to develop certain types of blood cancers or other serious diseases such as: Other complications associated with MGUS include bone fractures, blood clots and kidney problems. Thereareseveral forms of psoriasis, the most common being plaque psoriasis. Discover the cause, its relationship to the Johnson & Johnson vaccine, and much more. Treatment includes lifestyle measures (such as sun protection and smoking cessation) and medications such as corticosteroids, antimalarial agents, and immunosuppressive drugs. Scientists know about more than 80 autoimmune diseases. Parks CG, DAloisio AA, DeRoo LA, Huiber K, Rider LG, Miller FW, Dale DP. For roughly half of the people with SJS, the syndrome occurs alone, while it is associated with another autoimmune condition such as lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, or scleroderma in others. Menter A. Psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis overview. Due to the long incubation period, you may not even be aware you have mono. You can get it through kissing, but you can also be exposed by sharing a glass or food utensils with someone who has mono. Inflammatory bowel disease. The disorder occurs most commonly in older men. See additional information. 2013. [2] In young adults, the disease often results in fever, sore throat, enlarged lymph nodes in the neck, and fatigue. Therefore, these tests are useful for diagnosing infectious mononucleosis in people with highly suggestive symptoms and a negative heterophile antibody test. Rochester, Minn.: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research; 2019. It's recommended that people begin with a specialist who deals with their most prominent symptom, such as seeing a rheumatologist if joint symptoms are predominant. All Rights Reserved. Theres no specific treatment for infectious mononucleosis. Plaque psoriasis is characterized by raised (often itchy) red patches called plaques that occur most frequently on the knees, lower back, scalp, and elbows. Therapeutic guidelines: Antibiotic. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the most common cause of infectious mononucleosis, but other viruses can also cause this disease. 2016;22(8 Suppl):s216-24. The treatment options for psoriasis depend on the type and severity. [43], Infectious mononucleosis is generally self-limiting, so only symptomatic or supportive treatments are used. Its possible, but unusual, for EBV to become reactivated and for the symptoms of mono to return months or years later. Genetics of autoimmune diseases: insights from population genetics. Mono is usually caused by EBV, which remains dormant in your body after you recover. Examples include: Systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus) is an autoimmune disease that affects multiple organs and has widespread effects. Br J Haematol. Ramos PS, Shedlock AM, Langefeld, CD. Mononucleosis (mono) is a contagious infection caused by a herpes virus called Epstein-Barr. Learn about symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and potential. What Is the AIP (Autoimmune Protocol) Diet? - Cleveland Clinic But most commonly it's caused by EBV, which we'll be referring to for the rest of this article. Autoimmune disease is simply a disease where your immune system attacks your body. Foods to avoid include grains . [2] Headaches are common, and abdominal pains with nausea or vomiting sometimes also occur. Contact a health care provider if you have questions about your health. However, you can get it at any age. we live in today. [30], About 57% of cases of infectious mononucleosis is caused by human cytomegalovirus (CMV), another type of herpes virus. Mono, or infectious mononucleosis, refers to a group of symptoms usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Advertising revenue supports our not-for-profit mission. 2015. 2013. Monoarthritis, also called monoarticular arthritis, refers to joint inflammation that affects one joint. Children who are diagnosed with mono can usually continue to attend school or day care. The virus spreads through saliva, which is why it's sometimes called "kissing disease." Mono occurs most often in teens and young adults. Gender, race, and ethnicity characteristics are linked to a likelihood of developing an autoimmune disease. [22][48], Paracetamol (acetaminophen) and NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen, may be used to reduce fever and pain. It usually takes 4 to 8 weeks for symptoms to develop after youre infected. EBV infection can affect a person's blood and bone marrow. This test isnt always accurate, but its easy to do, and results are usually available within an hour or less. Make your tax-deductible gift and be a part of the cutting-edge research and care that's changing medicine. The infection is typically not serious and usually goes away on its own in 1 to 2 months. Nicholas R, Rashid W. Multiple sclerosis. Find out which conditions may cause this symptom and how to talk to your doctor. The Strange Connection Between Mono and M.S. The incubation period may be shorter in young children. Mono and auto immune disease? However, in pregnant women, differentiation of mononucleosis from toxoplasmosis is important, since it is associated with significant consequences for the fetus. Mono rash is one symptom of the viral infection, mononucleosis. [22] Jaundice occurs only occasionally. Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. If your doctor suspects your toddler has mono, they will probably recommend that you make sure your child gets rest and plenty of fluids. Mayo Clinic does not endorse companies or products. It's often linked to infectious diseases like mononucleosis or an autoimmune disease like lupus. Generally, your immune system attacks foreign invaders such as bacteria and viruses by releasing antibodies. 60(11): 657664. Symptoms often follow a relapsing and remitting (waxing and waning) course, with the disease worsening, improving, and then worsening again in an unpredictable manner. People with mono often have a high fever, swollen lymph glands in the neck and armpits, and a sore throat. For example, a high lymphocyte count often indicates an infection. Type 1 diabetes, which often arises during childhood or young adulthood, occurs when autoantibodies destroy the beta cells in the pancreas that are responsible for making insulin. Rawla P. Cardiac and vascular complications in rheumatoid arthritis. EBV establishes a lifelong, inactive infection in your bodys immune system cells. The symptoms of mono rarely last for more than 4 months. The majority of people who have mono recover within 2 to 4 weeks. It is also the virus most often responsible for infectious mononucleosis, a disease usually characterized by extreme fatigue, sore throat, fever and swollen lymph nodes in the neck. Mono is almost impossible to prevent. Once you visit your doctor, theyll normally ask how long youve had symptoms. That said, there are many things that people with autoimmune disease can do themselves to better cope with the day-to-day frustration and symptoms: Anyone coping with a serious medical condition needs support, but this is even more true for those living with "invisible diseases." EpsteinBarr virusassociated lymphoproliferative diseases, Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, "JAMA PATIENT PAGE. These include: Autoimmunity does not necessarily mean autoimmune disease. They build up antibodies and become immune, so they won't get mono again. Most autoimmune conditions are relapsing-remitting disorders. Because children may only have mild symptoms, such as a sore throat, a mono infection may go undiagnosed. (2015). Epstein-Barr virus could be cause of multiple autoimmune disorders EBV, which usually is what causes a mono infection, remains in your body for the rest of your life. DOI: Kimura H, et al. Meyer A, Sandler DP, Beane Freeman LE, Hofmann JN, Parks CG. Infectious mononucleosis - Wikipedia 65(7):18721881. [citation needed], EpsteinBarr virus infection is spread via saliva, and has an incubation period of four to seven weeks. Diagnosis of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. Epstein-Barr Virus and Systemic Autoimmune Diseases - PMC Those autoimmune diseases arelupus, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, and type 1 diabetes. Flares may occur, which are defined as the sudden onset of severe symptoms.. However, it doesnt look for EBV antibodies. American Autoimmune Related Diseases Association. It often occurs after a viral infection (and rarely, after a flu shot), and it's thought that portions of the infectious organism resembleparts of the nervous system. Fu J, Nogueira SV, Drongelen VV, Coit P, Ling S, Rosloniec EF, Sawalha AH, Holoshitz J. If you are giving a presentation about an environmental health topic or [14] They are more likely to have liver enlargement and jaundice. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. The virus can cause the body to produce an excessive number of white blood cells called lymphocytes (lymphocytosis). Other viruses that can cause mono include cytomegalovirus (CMV), HIV, and adenovirus. Now, a groundbreaking study by a team from the Cincinnati Childrens Hospital shows that exposure to the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), best known for causing mononucleosis, appears to boost the risk of developing seven otherdiseases in individuals who inherited predisposing gene variants. Although it can be classified as an STI, this isn't always the case. Because other, more serious viruses such as hepatitis A can cause symptoms similar to mono, your doctor will work to rule out these possibilities. Jahrbuch fr Kinderheilkunde und physische Erziehung, Wien, 1889, 29: 257264. Person's age, with highest risk at 10 to 30 years. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Hyperthyroidism, in contrast, often causes nervousness, anxiety, sweating, and heat intolerance, and it may be treated with antithyroid drugs, surgery, or radioactive iodine therapy to destroy the gland. In very young children, symptoms are usually nonexistent or so mild that they arent recognized as mono. Inflammatory disorder (sarcoidosis). [35], The virus replicates first within epithelial cells in the pharynx (which causes pharyngitis, or sore throat), and later primarily within B cells (which are invaded via their CD21). Infectious mononucleosis is characterized by swollen lymph glands, fever, sore throat, and extreme fatigue. Find out more about how long mono is contagious. Overview Infectious mononucleosis (mono) is often called the kissing disease. [22], People with infectious mononucleosis are sometimes misdiagnosed with a streptococcal pharyngitis (because of the symptoms of fever, pharyngitis and adenopathy) and are given antibiotics such as ampicillin or amoxicillin as treatment. MGUS is usually detected by chance when you have a blood test for another condition. Without early and aggressive treatment, deformity of joints usually occurs. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. This search feature obtains best-matches with the terms you choose, and shows an overall score based on the scientific rankings. . 16(7):470480. Treatment focuses on helping symptoms and includes medicines for pain and fever, warm salt water gargles and plenty of rest and fluids. The following groups have a higher risk for getting mono: Anyone who regularly comes into close contact with large numbers of people is at an increased risk for mono. Instead, the monospot test determines your levels of another group of antibodies your body is likely to produce when youre infected with EBV. Main symptoms of infectious mononucleosis [13] Exudative pharyngitis in a person with infectious mononucleosis Rash from using penicillin while infected with IM [14] Maculopapular rash from amoxicillin use during EBV infection The signs and symptoms of infectious mononucleosis vary with age.
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