south lebanon religion

Later, under the Ottoman, they were severely attacked at Saoufar in the 1585 Ottoman expedition, after the Ottomans claimed that they assaulted their caravans near Tripoli. Protection and mutual aid to the brethren in faith. Remove ye the causes of fear and estrangement from yourselves. [193] The procedure is practiced as a cultural tradition, and has no religious significance in the Druze faith. Secular student clubs from Saint Joseph University (USJ), the Lebanese Academy of Fine Arts (ALBA), as the American University of Beirut (AUB) also participated in the march. [55], Although the Druze religious books describe ad-Darazi as the "insolent one" and as the "calf" who is narrow-minded and hasty, the name "Druze" is still used for identification and for historical reasons. The Sultan then sent a force against him, and he was compelled to flee the land and seek refuge in the courts of Tuscany and Naples in 1613 and 1615 respectively. Religion in Lebanon - Wikipedia If it were not forthcoming, he announced, the Druze would indeed become "dangerous", and a force of 4,000 Druze warriors would "occupy the city of Damascus". [275], Both religions venerate John the Baptist,[162][276] Saint George,[277] Elijah,[162] Luke the Evangelist,[278] Job and other common figures. Under the Lebanese political division (Parliament of Lebanon Seat Allocation) the Druze community is combined with Lebanon's Muslim community to form 50% of the parliament, despite the Druze and Muslims having very different beliefs. The primary sanctuary of the Druze is at Khalwat al-Bayada.[149]. [citation needed], The call was suspended briefly between 19 May 1018 and 9 May 1019 during the apostasy of al-Darazi and again between 1021 and 1026 during a period of persecution by Ali az-Zahir for those who had sworn the oath to accept the call. [105] The Druze of Wadi al-Taym and awran, under the leadership of Shibli al-Aryan, distinguished themselves in their stubborn resistance at their inaccessible headquarters, al-Laja, lying southeast of Damascus. USA. He hath urged you to declare your belief openly. Timeline of the Lebanese Civil War From 1975-1990 - ThoughtCo Deciphering Who They Are", " ", " : ", "AUB: The Lebanese Civil War and the Taif Agreement", "Contesting Secularism: Civil Marriage and Those Who Do Not Belong to a Religious Community in Lebanon", "Religious affiliation to disappear from Lebanese documents", Religious Affiliation Can Be Removed From Lebanese ID Cards, "Lebanese protest against sectarian political system", "Lebanon Protesters Found Strength in Unity, Ditched Sectarianism", "Lebanon is experiencing a social revolution", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Lebanon&oldid=1165143560, This page was last edited on 13 July 2023, at 07:46. [185] Their theology has a Neo-Platonic view about how God interacts with the world through emanations and is similar to some gnostic and other esoteric sects. [115] Al-Farouqi also disarmed the population, extracted significant taxes, and launched a census of the region. In terms of religious comparison, Islamic schools and branches do not believe in reincarnation,[39] a paramount tenet of the Druze faith. The Druzites form a religious minority in Jordan of around 32,000, mostly residing in the northwestern part of the country. 28,246,000 2 Form Of Government: unitary multiparty republic with one legislative house (People's Assembly [250]) Lebanese Christians and Druze became a genetic isolate in the predominantly Islamic world.[301]. In a 2005 study of ASPM gene variants, Mekel-Bobrov et al. [222] Those acts of persecution were meant to eradicate the whole community according to the Druze narrative. Lebanese Greek Orthodox are concentrated in north Beirut, as well as Lebanese North areas including Zgharta, Bsharre, Koura, and Batroun. [56] The young caliph's regent, Sitt al-Mulk, ordered the army to destroy the movement in 1021. Ye now may find rest in his assurance ye shall not be wronged. The rebellion ended in brutal suppression of the Druze by General Sami Pasha al-Farouqi, significant depopulation of the Hauran region and execution of the Druze leaders in 1910. However, they were less ready for personal relationships with Jews compared to Israeli Muslims and Christians.[296]. [citation needed] Al-Hakim convinced some heretical followers such as al-Darazi of his soteriological divinity and officially declared the Divine call after issuing a decree promoting religious freedom. [237], In 1959, in an ecumenical move driven by Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser's effort to broaden his political appeal after the establishment of the United Arab Republic between Egypt and Syria in 1958,[238] the Islamic scholar Mahmud Shaltut at Al Azhar University in Cairo classified the Druze as Muslims,[239] even though most Druze no longer consider themselves Muslim. As of 2018, the Jews in Lebanon make up the smallest recognized religious group, with merely 69 persons or 0.08% of the population. What Is Hezbollah? | Council on Foreign Relations The 1911 edition of Encyclopdia Britannica states that the Druze are "a mixture of refugee stocks, in which the Arab largely predominates, grafted on to an original mountain population of Aramaic blood".[57]. [312] In a PCA in a 2021 study, Druze were close to Lebanese people and a part of the larger Levant-Iraq cluster.[313]. Male uqql often grow mustaches, and wear dark Levantine-Turkish traditional dresses, called the shirwal, with white turbans that vary according to the seniority of the uqql. The main Druze doctrine states that God is both transcendent and immanent, in which he is above all attributes, but at the same time, he is present. [191] Some Druze do not circumcise their male children, and refuse to observe this "common Muslim practice".[195]. [107][216][217][218] The Druze have frequently experienced persecution by different Muslim regimes such as the Shia Fatimid Caliphate,[54][85] Mamluk,[96] Sunni Ottoman Empire,[219][103] and Egypt Eyalet. The five limits were listed by Ismail at-Tamimi (d. 1030) in the Epistle of the Candle (risalat ash-sham'a) as: Each of the colors representing the five limits pertains to a metaphysical power called add, literally "a limit", as in the distinctions that separate humans from animals, or the powers that make humans the animalistic body. When this occurs, the soul is united with the Cosmic Mind and achieves the ultimate happiness.[40]. [96][pageneeded]. Recognition of prophets in the Druze religion is divided into three sort-of subcategories, the prophet themselves (natiq), their disciples (asas), and witnesses to their message (hujjah). Most Druze do not identify as Muslims,[13][14][15][16][17] and they do not accept the five pillars of Islam.[18]. 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The Sbiq and Tl is the ability to perceive and learn from the past and plan for the future and predict it. [196] Druze Arabic dialect is distinguished from others by retention of the phoneme /q/,[196] the use of which by Druze is particularly prominent in the mountains and less so in urban areas. In terms of religious comparison, scholars consider Judaism and the Druze faith as ethnoreligious groups,[23] both practicing endogamy,[22] and both typically do not proselytize. The Druze always played a far more important role in Syrian politics than its comparatively small population would suggest. South Lebanon - Travel guide at Wikivoyage Though Lebanon, particularly its coastal region, was the site of some of the oldest human settlements in the worldthe Phoenician ports of Tyre . Each add is color-coded in the following manner: The mind generates qualia and gives consciousness. The Druzite community in Lebanon played an important role in the formation of the modern state of Lebanon,[131] and even though they are a minority they play an important role in the Lebanese political scene. He frequently proclaimed: "My enemies are like a serpent: The head is the Jebel al-Druze, the stomach Homs, and the tail Aleppo. Marriage outside the Druze faith is rare and is strongly discouraged. [189] The Druze believe that rituals are symbolic and have an individualistic effect on the person, for which reason Druze are free to perform them, or not. [6][7] It is also estimated that a large proportion of its population are refugees (1.5million out of a bit over 6million in 2017), which affects statistics. Many spies, mainly the followers of al-Darazi, joined the Unitarian movement in order to infiltrate the Druze community. Other famous foods among Druzes include falafel, sfiha, shawarma, dolma, kibbeh, kusa mahshi, shishbarak, muhammara, and mujaddara. Iran has poured billions of dollars and tons of increasingly sophisticated weaponry . [249] Scholars argue that Druze recite the Shahada in order to protect their religion and their own safety, and to avoid persecution by Muslims. The most influential of al-uqql become Ajawd, recognized religious leaders, and from this group the spiritual leaders of the Druze are assigned. Islamic schools and branches allow for divorce and permit men to be married to multiple women, contrary to the views of the Druze in monogamous marriage and not allowing divorce. 10 Things to Do in Chouf - Lebanon Traveler [187] They reject nicotine, alcohol, and other drugs and often, the consumption of pork (to the Uqql and not necessarily to the Juhhl). [117], Although most Druze no longer consider themselves Muslim, Al Azhar of Egypt recognized them in 1959 as one of the Islamic sects in the Al-Azhar Shia Fatwa due to political reasons, as Gamal Abdel Nasser saw it as a tool to spread his appeal and influence across the entire Arab world. The mother tongue of Druze in Syria, Lebanon and Israel is Levantine Arabic,[196] except those born and lives in the Druze diaspora such as Venezuela, where Arabic was not taught or spoken at home. flag of Syria Audio File: National anthem of Syria See all media Category: Geography & Travel Head Of State And Government: President: Bashar al-Assad, assisted by Prime Minister: Hussein Arnous Capital: Damascus Population: (2023 est.) In the Hebrew Bible, Jethro was Moses' father-in-law, a Kenite shepherd and priest of Midian. [123][pageneeded], During the four years of Adib Shishakli's rule in Syria (December 1949 to February 1954) (on 25 August 1952: Adib al-Shishakli created the Arab Liberation Movement (ALM), a progressive party with pan-Arabist and socialist views),[124] the Druze community was subjected to a heavy attack by the Syrian government. While the ban was eventually lifted after the end of his reign, the Druze, who hold Al-Hakim in high regard and give him quasi-divine authority,[159] continue to respect the ban, and do not eat Mulukhiyah of any kind to this day. The period also included the killing of 241 U.S. Marines in their Beirut barracks by a suicide bomber. Druze Trilogy 2- Theology. [243][244] They demanded to keep their autonomous administration and many political privileges accorded them by the French and sought generous economic assistance from the newly independent government. [3], Religion in Lebanon (2020) (CIA World Factbook)[1]. [183] However, that term is seldom used by the Druze. By conveying to you the reality of his intention, the Prince of Believers hath spared you any excuse for doing so. Lebanon's politics and politicians - Chatham House [96][pageneeded], The relationship between the Druze and Christians has been characterized by harmony and coexistence,[106][107][108][109] with amicable relations between the two groups prevailing throughout history, with the exception of some periods, including 1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus. The spies set about agitating trouble and soiling the reputation of the Druze. Although the Druze consider ad-Daraz a heretic,[54] the name has been used to identify them, possibly by their historical opponents as a way to attach their community with ad-Darazi's poor reputation. [305], Also, a new study concluded that the Druze harbor a remarkable diversity of mitochondrial DNA lineages that appear to have separated from each other thousands of years ago. Lebanon - United States Department of State Hamza ibn Ali rejected al-Darazi's ideology, calling him "the insolent one and Satan". They wear al-mandl on their heads to cover their hair and wrap it around their mouths. Lebanon | Facts & Information | Infoplease [141], In their desire to maintain a rigid confession of unity, they stripped from God all attributes (tanzh). [259] The Maronite Catholic and the Druze founded modern Lebanon in the early Eighteenth Century, through a governing and social system known as the "Maronite-Druze dualism" in the Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate. Under the military leadership of Sultan Pasha al-Atrash, the Druze provided much of the military force behind the Syrian Revolution of 192527. [180] The cohesiveness and frequent inter-community social interaction, however, enables most Druze to have an idea about their broad ethical requirements and have some sense of what their theology consists of (albeit often flawed). Lebanon - United States Department of State Since then, the President is always a Maronite Christian, the Prime Minister is at all times a Sunni Muslim and the Speaker of the Parliament must be a Shia Muslim. [citation needed], Al-Hakim was replaced by his underage son, Al al-Zahir. At a march in May 2012 in which 600 participated, Laque Pride issued six demands, four concerning women's rights and two concerning media freedom. This article explains Lebanon's political system, the influence of religion and the impact of armed groups like Hezbollah. The conflict between Druze and Jews occurs during the Druze power struggle in Mount Lebanon, Jewish settlements of Galilee such as Safad and Tiberias were destroyed by the Druze in 1660. A Druze cannot be reincarnated in the body of a non-Druze. The Druze (/druz/;[19] Arabic: , darz or Arabic: durz, pl. [306], The researchers noted that the Druze villages contained a striking range of high frequency and high diversity of the X haplogroup, suggesting that this population provides a glimpse into the past genetic landscape of the Near East at a time when the X haplogroup was more prevalent. [190] The Druze faith does not follow Sharia nor any of the Five Pillars of Islam save reciting the Shahada. In a mystical sense, it refers to the light of God experienced by certain mystics who have reached a high level of purity in their spiritual journey. [98] One influential Islamic sage of that time[who?] [198] Druze pita is a Druze-styled pita filled with labneh (thick yoghurt) and topped with olive oil and zaatar,[199] and a very popular bread in Israel. [224][225], Since Druze emerged from Islam and share certain beliefs with Islam, its position of whether it is a separate religion or a sect of Islam is sometimes controversial among Muslim scholars. Thus, God is perceived as the Lahut [the divine] who manifests His Light in the Station (Maqaam) of the Nasut [material realm] without the Nasut becoming Lahut. [62][64] According to scholar Colbert C. Held of University of Nebraska, Lincoln the number of Druze people worldwide is around one million, with about 45% to 50% live in Syria, 35% to 40% live in Lebanon, and less than 10% live in Israel, with recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora. A 2008 study done on larger samples showed that L-M20 averages 27% in Mount Carmel Druze, 2% in Galilee Druze, 8% in Lebanese Druze, and it was not found in a sample of 59 Syrian Druze (Slush et al. [145] Islam teaches dawah, whereas the Druze do not accept converts to their faith. [57] Others have speculated that the word comes from the Persian word Darazo ( "bliss") or from Shaykh Hussayn ad-Daraz, who was one of the early converts to the faith. Marginalized communities . Lebanon - United States Department of State [175] The soul embodies the mind and is responsible for transmigration and the character of oneself. On April 26, 2010, in response to Hizb ut-Tahrir's growing appeal in Beirut and demands to re-establish an Islamic caliphate, a Laque Pride march was held in Beirut. [96][pageneeded], Ibn Taymiyyah believed that Druze had a high level of infidelity, besides being apostates. Most Druze religious practices are kept secret. [40] Kibbeh nayyeh is also a popular mezze among Druzes. [123][pageneeded], In 1967, a community of Druze in the Golan Heights came under Israeli control, today numbering 23,000 (in 2019). He also declared that confiscation of Druze property and even the death sentence would conform to the laws of Islam. [179], The second type of religious shrine is one associated with the anniversary of a historic event or death of a prophet. [45], The Druze do not permit outsiders to convert to their religion. [73][74][75][pageneeded], Little is known about the early life of al-Darazi. This led the Ottoman government to agree to an arrangement whereby the different nahiyes (districts) of the Chouf would be granted in iltizam ("fiscal concession") to one of the region's amirs, or leading chiefs, leaving the maintenance of law and order and the collection of its taxes in the area in the hands of the appointed amir.
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