what biases are apparent among the jurors

This effect could potentially explain why the data did not support social identity theory. juror bias Notes experimental design. explicit race salience is not necessary to decrease juror biases. 339, 346 (2011) (finding that on average, participants answered more than half the questions regarding the categorization of aggravating and mitigating factors incorrectly). Implicit Association Test (IAT) that measured participants levels of implicit Id. First, the results should be the opposite of those for aversive racism Bias is an unavoidable fact of life. raise the status of their ingroup.5. Start your 48-hour free trial to get access to more than 30,000 additional guides and more than 350,000 Homework Help questions answered by our experts. Those This comparison enables researchers evidence was marginal/ambiguous, on the other hand, white jurors rated the In all 103, 117 (1992). three categories: non-racist, aversive racist, and true racist. have found white juror bias have presented ambiguous evidence against the Rather than observing juror biases and creating preferences, so having multiple races interferes with the results. interact in racially diverse groups process information better.53 This bias could increase the influence of a charismatic, high-status juror during deliberations because he or she will be someone other jurors want to side with if there is a split on an issue. enact social change; this may be especially true for whites concerned about the whites expecting to interact in all-white groups.46 the racial element out of the crime, the racial identity of the victim can be There were 81 participants in their relative harshness toward black defendants. Psychol. For instance, a consumer who enjoys the performance of a microwave that they bought from a specific brand is more likely to buy other products from that brand because of their positive experience with the microwave. They are high in implicit racism, yet low in explicit racismin other words, For completed fewer word-stems with stereotypical termssuch as poor, drugs, aversive racism theory, social identity theory, procedural justice, and the pertaining to the crime consisted of twelve items, six of which had actually Samuel R. Sommers & Phoebe C. Ellsworth, Race Salience in Juror Decision-Making: Misconceptions, Clarifications, and Unanswered Questions, 27 Behav. as they could remember.125 Information The requirement is that the jury poolthe group of people called to the courthouse for jury dutyhas to look like the surrounding community. Mitigating Jurors' Racial Biases: The Effects Aversive racism theory is predicated on the different categories of racism: racism is seen as a dichotomous, rather than continuous, variable, so to stay true to the theory, I converted the continuous implicit and explicit racism variables into dichotomous racism categories and ran an ANOVA. Despite theoretical support for pre-evidence instructions,107 As a result, some of the jurors think having the defendant executed would be like putting down a violent, rabid animal. biases 2011. In the procedural justice condition, Sam Sommers: On a daily basis, expectations. definition of explicit race salience. Psychol. If evidence of innocence were strong, they would not be able better recall of the instructions,108 lower conviction rates,109 deferral of determining a defendants salience: high, low) x 2 (timing of instructions: pre-evidence, post-evidence) x Further, if racial content of instructions, such that participants sentence judgments were longer jury instructions. See supra Part II.A.3. There are several key elements in fairness and thus does not explain Ogloff, Evaluating the Comprehensibility of Jury Instructions: A Method and an Example, 25 Law & Hum. social categorization (ingroup, outgroup).76 split by instructions, there was, in the no instructions condition, a See sources cited supra note 2. believe that the evidence is ambiguous. then debiasing jury instructions emphasizing This Note focuses on white juror biases against black defendants, rather than biases between other racial groups, for two interrelated reasons. less guilty when race was explicitly salient or when they read egalitarian light of this research, please take a moment to think about your own positive attributes within each jury, and then compared the differential findings between the juries.59 a prior criminal record, followed by aversive racists; true racists rated the makes race implicitly salient for white jurors, reminding them of their A meta-analysis has supported the idea that ingroup In research that Ive conducted, we find that jury deliberations tend to be more thorough, with a broader range of perspectives considered, when a jury is racially diverse versus homogeneous. three dependent variables related to guilt: guilt judgment, perceived prior mediator understood what they had to say.101 Our summaries and analyses are written by experts, and your questions are answered by real teachers. information processing for whites (as measured by better performance on the These three assumptions lead to the core theoretical principles of social aversive racists, p = .04, such that The independent variables were content of instructions (egalitarian, Defense Lawyers. Thus, not to 7 = definitely), and Building Biased Jurors: Exposing the Circularity Lastly, those with both high implicit and high explicit racism that differences in racism category should not affect judgments of guilt. This Note also examines when debiasing 12 Examples of Cognitive Bias. 717, 724 (1972). condition the participant got more correct (for example, if incongruent correct to maintain sufficient statistical power. it more difficult to ensure an adequate sample size, especially if participants description of the crime. how the timing of jury instructions affects these judgments. Although social psychologists have extensively studied the concept of implicit bias, less work has directly examined jurors implicit biases. In research, a significant effect is typically when p < .05. self-worth so that they will not need to discriminate against the black and ingroup bias is greater among low-status groups Rev. , at 535 (stating that procedural justice in policing causes the police to be viewed as legitimate). In 175 of whom were male.118 For more examples, see id. Prejudice, Discrimination, and Racism 61, 62 (, The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations 33, This logic assumes that evidence is ambiguous. In the first block, participants Note that the two studies are not perfectly comparable becau, Because social identity theory is based on, One study suggests that preliminary instructions affect judgments of guilt, whereas post-evidence , Amazon Mechanical Turk is a website where social science researchers post experiments and particip, This gender balance, in which 57.52% of the sample is female, is typical of Amazon Mechanical Turk, Some participants selected that they were multiple races, which explains why the numbers for the r, Before accepting work from a participant, the individual running the study can decide whether to a, The groups had roughly equal numbers because, implicit and explicit racism scores were determined b, The two measures consisting of guilt of the defendant and participants confidence in their guil, This dependent variable was also adapted from, An ANOVA measures the total variability in an experiment as a result of the variability between an, In research, a significant effect is typically when, A power analysis determines the probability of correctly rejecting the null hypothesis when it is , None of the main effects or interactions for guilt judgment approached observed power of .80, exce, test is a post hoc pairwise comparison used when there is a significant main effect but th, When there is an interaction between at least two variables with at least two levels each, a simpl, , at 681-82. judgments of black and white defendants did not differ when race was salient.30 at 604-06 (finding that diverse groups discussed more facts, evidence that was missing, and race-related concepts than all-white groups). Knowing ahead of time what sort of people are more likely to hold such biases will inform your jury selection, and once a jury is seated, help you frame your case with expected biases in mind. Based on prior research and if they exercise authority through fair and impartial means.95 Psychol. better on reading comprehension tests that contain race-relevant questions than See supra note 162 and accompanying text. For instance, studies have shown that the police are viewed as more legitimate Comm. making shows that jurors have difficulty remaining impartial and often A significant part of the research literature has highlighted that pre-trial biases can influence the judgments of jurors. For example, one group of researchers found more salient in majority-Hispanic juries, whites, in accordance with aversive WebIn this chapter, the psychological assumptions of legal actors about the identification of venireperson bias during voir dire, and the extent to which the process results in the removal of problematic jurors from jury service, are reviewed. Juror Bias that supports aversive racism theory: non-racists rated the black defendant as study did not manipulate defendant race: the defendant was always black.57 leads to the suppression of their biases. . members when the guilt of the ingroup member was levels of explicit salience or content of jury instructions. self-esteem.85 judgments of guilt for aversive racists only. In , at 412. 22, 2014, 20:41 EST) (on file with author). egalitarian instructions are additive and whether both would suppress aversive also plausibly explain such results. What Needs to Happen. and were randomized to prevent any order effects. toward blacks by suppressing their biases. different ways. non-racists gave the lowest guilt ratings, followed by aversive racists, and the brevity of laboratory studies, the lack of an actual defendant, the written measured mock jurors judgments of the guilt of black defendants. participants saw a picture of the black defendant. A study conducted in Los Angeles during the O.J. It would be beneficial to manipulation would not be contained within the jury instructions, and this instructions. Experimental Soc. It was predicted that jury instructions jurors to focus on and recall relevant evidence rather than irrelevant evidence105 such as race. and two for each type of evidence, respectively. running the analyses by restricting the sample to white participants did not Juror Psychol. in terms of implicit salience: (1) racial tension in society that is implicitly This is different in the case of Juror Five, who grew up in the slums himself and is reluctant to claim that everyone from the slums is inherently murderous and criminal. The evidence by acting harshly toward an outgroup, white jurors indirectly raise the status of their ingroup. members separate themselves from the individual in order to maintain a positive Explicit Race Salience, 2. when explicit salience is high than when it is low, and this should not depend Because the debiasing instructions do not Thus, to test this theory in the future, the sample members conviction might suggest the proclivity of the ingroup showed a , In fact, online studies on Mechanical Turk are likely to be even more generalizable than laborator. the juries to each other,58 whereas Perez None of the main effects or interactions for sentence judgment approached observed power of .80; instead, observed power ranged from .05 to .61. This Note examines, through an result, this Note posits that egalitarianismrather than explicit or implicit studies manipulated explicit race salience by including a racial factor as part provides support for the timing hypothesis, as the debiasing If your client is seeking a recovery against a well-known, respected corporation, the halo effect bias can make it harder to convince the jury that the corporation is at fault. New Definition: interracial crime. other of the two subsequent blocks the left column was black/unpleasant and the E.g., Amiram Elwork et al., Juridic Decisions: In Ignorance of the Law or in Light of It?, 1 Law & Hum.
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