what is the major cause of specimen rejection quizlet

Squamous epithelial cells are large and irregularly shaped, with a small nucleus and fine granular cytoplasm; their presence suggests contamination. Currently, there are no standards for laboratory workup of tracheal aspirate cultures. Persons with UTIs often have urine with a pungent odor. Specimens in which there has been a si gnificant time delay between specimen coll ection and specimen receipt (more than 24 Thus, a positive result is helpful, but a negative result does not rule out UTI.6 The nitrite dipstick reagent is sensitive to air exposure, so containers should be closed immediately after removing a strip. Exercise-induced hematuria is a relatively common, self-limited, and benign condition. Modern legal hunting is not shown in the pie chart because it does NOT cause a species to become threatened or endangered. [ corrected] Under high-powered magnification, gram-negative rods, streptococci, and staphylococci can be distinguished by their characteristic appearance. For example, Gram staining can help clinicians classify bacterial pathogens in a sample into categories associated with specific properties. The specimens are not labeled with the patient's name or other identifying information. Additionally, this species has not been successfully cultured in the laboratory on an artificial medium; therefore, diagnosis depends upon successful identification using microscopic techniques and serology (analysis of body fluids, often looking for antibodies to a pathogen). They include four main types of proteins: UPEP measures the levels of both major types of proteins in the urine. Laboratory testing is roughly divided. There are multiple causes of oxalate nephropathy, including consuming high levels. in adults and children which finger is usually used for a routine capillary puncture site? Heavy polymorphonuclear cells (quantitated using the 100X objective). This specimen was plated using the semi-quantitative plating method (four quadrants streaked with growth reported as rare, few, moderate or heavy). Explain the difference between simple and differential staining. Leukocyte casts in the urinary sediment can help localize the area of inflammation to the kidney. PDF Specimen Collection, Handling, Transport and Processing - APHL phlebotomy chapter 11 venipuncture complications - Quizlet Requisition or specimen label irregularities (discrepancies) Inadequate, inaccurate or missing specimen identification labeled specimens. In fact, a recent study1 found that contamination rates were similar in specimens obtained with and without prior cleansing (32 versus 29 percent). Among others, B. anthracis (which causes anthrax) has been of particular interest because of concern that its spores could be used as a bioterrorism agent. The normal odor of urine is described as urinoid; this odor can be strong in concentrated specimens but does not imply infection. The CPD additive in a donor unit of blood serves to do all of the following except: Control bacterial contamination. Specimen Rejection - Specimen Rejection - CCR Wiki A score change may move a taxon on or off the list. 2. Sputter-coating prevents specimens from becoming charged by the SEMs electron beam. The dye stains the background but does not penetrate the capsules, which appear like halos around the borders of the cell. Based on the original Gram stain, should this specimen have been set up for culture at all? Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Antiseptic. What is Hemolysis and How to Prevent it - Phlebotomy Interpreting the test results for UPEP is fairly straightforward: A number of conditions can lead to high levels of protein in your urine. Sputum comes from a deep productive cough and should contain minimal amounts of oral and nasal material. See permissionsforcopyrightquestions and/or permission requests. It has been estimated that one-third of the world's population has been infected with M. tuberculosis and millions of new infections occur each year. Urine normally does not contain detectable amounts of bilirubin. This study outlined various types of factors that influence pre-analytical phase of QC and QM and the errors, which may influence the results and reports. If immediate transportation is not possible, specimens should be refrigerated in order to improve pathogen isolation. Capsules do not absorb most basic dyes; therefore, a negative staining technique (staining around the cells) is typically used for capsule staining. Epithelial cells often are present in the urinary sediment. Sputum is the most common specimen submitted for the detection and isolation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A lab technician analyzes the bands to determine if the two proteins are present in the sample and, if so, how much of them there are. -Incorrect patient identification. Microhematuria has a range of causes, from benign to life threatening. rejected will need to be redrawn. In these cases, the laboratory may need to reject the samples, and not carry out processing. However, they must be even drier than is necessary for a TEM. To the patient who simply wants to feel better as quickly as possible, the potential benefits of taking an antibiotic may seem to outweigh any immediate health risks that might occur if the antibiotic is ineffective. 8 Clinical labs should establish specific rejection criteria for specimens and should follow them closely. These cells are smaller and rounder than squamous cells, and they have larger nuclei. See the Emergency Closures page before visiting a CDFW office, facility or property. In this specimen, the gram-positive bacterium, (credit: modification of work by American Society for Microbiology), Using Microscopy to Diagnose Tuberculosis, Ziehl-Neelsen staining has rendered these, (a) India-ink was used to stain the background around these cells of the yeast, (credit basic stains: modification of work by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; credit Acidic stains: modification of work by Roberto Danovaro, Antonio DellAnno, Antonio Pusceddu, Cristina Gambi, Iben Heiner, Reinhardt Mobjerg Kristensen; credit Negative stains: modification of work by Anh-Hue Tu), (credit Gram stain: modification of work by Nina Parker; credit Acid-fast stain: modification of work by American Society for Microbiology; credit Endospore stain: modification of work by American Society for Microbiology; credit Capsule stain : modification of work by American Society for Microbiology; credit Flagella stain: modification of work by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), (a) An ultramicrotome used to prepare specimens for a TEM. Final publication of an SSC document requires approval of the Director. Persistent proteinuria is divided into three general categories: glomerular, tubular, and overflow. leaking specimens, syringes or blood products with needles attached.) Name a cause of Wrong Tube Type Collected. Causes and impact of specimen rejection in a clinical chemistry Figure 2.41 provides more detail on these differential staining techniques. Examples include: Your doctor may need to perform other tests to pinpoint the exact cause of abnormal protein levels. Many organisms are susceptible to temperature changes or delays in testing. After your doctor identifies the cause, they can provide more information about potential treatment options. Samples to be analyzed using a TEM must have very thin sections. Besides their differing interactions with dyes and decolorizing agents, the chemical differences between gram-positive and gram-negative cells have other implications with clinical relevance. Doctors, Clinics & Locations, Conditions & Treatments, View All Information for Patients & Visitors , Protections Against Surprise Medical Bills. We have already alluded to certain techniques involving stains and fluorescent dyes, and in this section we will discuss specific techniques for sample preparation in greater detail. You can message your clinic, view lab results, schedule an appointment, and pay your bill. It was developed by Danish microbiologist Hans Christian Gram in 1884 as an effective method to distinguish between bacteria with different types of cell walls, and even today it remains one of the most frequently used staining techniques. What important factors contribute to a species being designated as an SSC? There is a significant amount of polymorphonuclear cells, which could suggest infection. Examples include: Ask your doctor before you stop taking any medications. Respiratory Sputum (expectorated, induced) Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) Bronchial wash/brush Diagnosing Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia via Tracheal Aspirate Culture: Challenges and Considerati. Further evaluation of persistent proteinuria usually includes determination of 24-hour urinary protein excretion or spot urinary protein-creatinine ratio, microscopic examination of the urinary sediment, urinary protein electrophoresis, and assessment of renal function.32. Septicemia Causes | Stanford Health Care Microscopic examination is an indispensable part of urinalysis; the identification of casts, cells, crystals, and bacteria aids in the diagnosis of a variety of conditions. These publications are updated periodically as staff and funding allow, and updates are subject to peer review. (credit a: modification of work by Nina Parker; credit b: modification of work by Nina Parker; credit c: modification of work by University of Bristol/YouTube). Uncomplicated urinary tract infections diagnosed by positive leukocyte esterase and nitrite tests can be treated without culture. Your doctor or a lab worker will tell you how much urine is needed. Want to cite, share, or modify this book? Urologic hematuria is distinguished from other etiologies by the absence of proteinuria, dysmorphic RBCs, and erythrocyte casts. While a low level of subjectivity is normal in the microbiology lab, it is exceedingly common with tracheal aspirate cultures. -Insufficient quantity - Incorrect tube used for the test ordered -Hemolysis - Improper handling - Defective tube hemolysis Creative Commons Attribution License The Biogeographic Data Branch is responsible for maintaining the most current list of SSCs via inclusion on its Special Animals List (PDF). This specimen was plated using the semi-quantitative plating method (four quadrants streaked with growth reported as rare (Q1), few (Q2), moderate (Q3) or heavy(Q4)). In general, specimens will be rejected for the following reasons: Specimens which are improperly labeled. In all cases, any change must be evaluated by the general SSC criteria, as well as those developed by the Department and TAC for each taxonomic group, and documented by a written record of findings. Gram staining can help guide antibiotic therapy, but it is not indicated in routine outpatient practice. In addition to fixation, staining is almost always applied to color certain features of a specimen before examining it under a light microscope. Should the gram-positive cocci in the Gram stain be considered significant, regardless of the low quantity?
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