who won the war in burma

On 10 July, after a battle for country which was almost entirely flooded, both the Japanese and the Allies withdrew. The second action was controversial. Kengtung, the main objective, was captured on 27 May. The army was falling back behind the Irrawaddy, deploying rearguards to delay the Allied advance. Burmese guerrillas and bandits killed stragglers east of the river. After scoring some defensive successes during 1943, they then attempted to forestall Allied offensives in 1944 by launching an invasion of India (Operation U-Go). On 22 February, the bridge was demolished to prevent its capture, a decision that has since been extremely contentious. Five days later, Chinese troops on the command's left flank captured the city of Bhamo. The 17th Indian Division resumed the lead of the advance and met a Japanese blocking force north of Pegu, 40 miles (64km) north of Rangoon, on 25 April. After the Japanese withdrawal, Yangon had experienced an orgy of looting and lawlessness similar to the last days of the British in the city in 1942. The Corps' first major objective was Akyab Island, at the end of the Mayu Peninsula. Eleventh Army Group HQ was replaced by Allied Land Forces South East Asia and NCAC and XV Corps were placed directly under this new headquarters. IV Corps, under Lieutenant-General Geoffry Scoones, had pushed forward two divisions to the Chindwin River. Their attacks were not properly coordinated and were repulsed. Soon after, Japan surrendered. While the 11th East Africa Division advanced down the Kabaw Valley from Tamu, the 5th Indian Division advanced along the mountainous Tiddim road. The Japanese resisted for several weeks but Bhamo fell on 15 December. In Operation Grubworm, the Chinese 14th and 22nd divisions were flown via Myitkyina to defend the airfields around Kunming, vital to the airlift of aid to China, nicknamed The Hump. They installed a nominally independent Burmese government under Ba Maw, and reformed the Burma Independence Army on a more regular basis as the Burma National Army under General Aung San. With their forces cut off from almost all sources of supply, the Allied commanders finally decided to evacuate their forces from Burma. Their infiltration and encirclement tactics had failed to panic Allied troops and as the Japanese were unable to capture enemy supplies, they starved. But the operation delivered a much-needed boost to demoralised Allied troops. [18] The 17th Indian Division had been reinforced by a brigade of the 5th Indian Division landed by air. On 1 May, a Gurkha parachute battalion was dropped on Elephant Point, and cleared Japanese rearguards from the mouth of the Yangon River. The climate of the region is dominated by the seasonal monsoon rains, which allowed effective campaigning for only just over half of each year. [7], In the aftermath of their defeats the previous year, the Japanese had made major changes in their command. Third Anglo-Burmese War (1885-86) - Causes and Results The Burma campaign was a series of battles fought in the British colony of Burma. Dominic Neill interview Their morale was also affected in some units by the obvious turn of fortune against the Japanese. [23], From this point, the advance down the main road to Rangoon faced little organised opposition. XXXIII Corps mounted Fourteenth Army's secondary drive down the Irrawaddy River valley against stiff resistance from the Japanese Twenty-Eighth Army. The British had captured the Japanese plans from an officer killed making a final reconnaissance,[26] and had placed ambushes or artillery concentrations on the routes they were to use. The most important was the replacement of General Kawabe at Burma Area Army by Hyotaro Kimura. A War Along Racial Lines. Society Read next The British Empire waged ceaseless war against Japan between December 1941 and August 1945, in defeat and retreat at first, stabilizing in 1943 as the Allies hit back and the Japanese tide abated, and turning to the offensive in 1944. This article was edited by Kate Clements. Aerial reconnaissance photograph of the Sittang Bridgein southern Burma,which was destroyed in the face of the advancing Japanese on 23 February 1942. Although there was some debate among the Allies, Mountbatten eventually decided that Aung San should be supported. The Second Anglo-Burmese War or the Second Burma War ( Burmese: [dtja le mjm s]; 5 April 1852 - 20 January 1853) was the second of the three wars fought between the Burmese Empire and British Empire during the 19th century. British and Empire forces under GeneralsAlexanderandSlimbegan the long and tortuous withdrawalto India. The unit was commanded by Brigadier General J. P. Willey and consisted of the 475th United States Infantry Regiment, the 124th United States Cavalry Regiment and the elite Chinese 1st Regiment. Mutaguchi intended to exploit the capture of Imphal by capturing the strategic city of Dimapur, in the Brahmaputra River valley. Hundreds of men drowned trying to cross the swollen Sittang on improvised bamboo floats and rafts. The town was captured in four days, despite resistance to the last man. The main Allied headquarters for the British, Indians and Americans in the theatre of war was South East Asia Command, based at Kandy in Ceylon and commanded by Admiral Louis Mountbatten. It fell to the 19th Indian Division on 20 March, though the Japanese held the former citadel, which the British called Fort Dufferin, for another week. VJ Day 70: The Second World War in Burma - GOV.UK To the annoyance of the British and Americans, Chinese leader Chiang Kai-shek ordered Sultan to halt his advance at Lashio, which was captured on 7 March. Alternatively, search more than 1 million objects from They evacuated Akyab Island on 31 December 1944. This would close the overland supply line to China and provide a strategic bulwark to defend Japanese gains in British Malaya and the Dutch East Indies. Kimura threw Allied plans into confusion by refusing to fight at the Chindwin River. Hogan recalls swimming the fast flowing River Sittang after the destruction of the bridge left him stranded on the south bank. The use of Rangoon would be necessary to meet the needs of the large army force and (as importantly) the food needs of the civilian population in the areas liberated. The Germans amassed 24 divisions for the attack. Burma was wealthy due to the Silk Trade route and its agriculture. One division was in reserve at Imphal. Lieutenant-General Honda and his staff escaped at night on foot but they now had little means of controlling the remnants of their formations. The Japanese Thirty-third Army HQ (re-titled The Army of the Decisive Battle) was assigned to take command in this vital sector but was unable to establish proper control. NCAC made contact with Chiang's Yunnan armies on 21 January 1945, and the Ledo road could finally be completed, although by this point in the war its value was uncertain. These efforts have also been criticised as fruitless because of the self-interest and corruption of Chiang Kai-Shek's regime. [6] These additional forces allowed the Allied recapture of Burma in 1945. In a final operation just before the end of the war, Japanese forces which had been isolated in Southern Burma attempted to escape across the Sittang River, suffering heavy casualties. Heitar Kimura had formed the various service troops, naval personnel and even Japanese civilians in Yangon into the 105 Independent Mixed Brigade. British tank-infantry forces sallied out of Meiktila to break up Japanese concentrations and by the end of the month the Japanese had suffered heavy casualties and had lost most of their artillery, their chief anti-tank weapon. During the campaign, the headquarters of the Japanese Thirty-third Army and parts of the 2nd Division, 18th Division and 49th Divisions reinforced the forces on the central part of the front. On the right flank of the command, the British 36th Division, which had been assigned to the command in July 1944 to replace the Chindits, advanced south down the "Railway Valley" from Mogaung to Indaw. IWM (IWM SR 12342). At Bose's instigation, a substantial contingent of the INA joined in this Chalo Delhi ("March on Delhi"). The inglorious defeat of the Burmese in the first war did not provoke a change in attitude toward the British. The Burmese referred to the invaders as the Taruk (after the central Asian Turkic troops that largely made up the Mongol invasion army); today, the term Taruk ( ) refers to the Han Chinese instead. Kohima: Britain's 'forgotten' battle that changed the course of WWII - BBC When they arrived they discovered that Kimura had ordered Rangoon to be evacuated, starting on 22 April. THE SECOND ANGLO-BURMESE WAR OF 1852. Also on 17 May, a force of two Chinese regiments, Unit Galahad (Merrill's Marauders) and Kachin guerrillas captured the airfield at Myitkyina. The Japanese Twenty-Eighth Army, after withdrawing from Arakan and resisting XXXIII Corps in the Irrawaddy valley, retreated into the Pegu Yomas, a range of low jungle-covered hills between the Irrawaddy and Sittang rivers. The civil war in Myanmar: No end in sight | Brookings How a forgotten British captain is a hero in Myanmar - BBC News Force 136 was now to abet the defection of the entire Burma National Army to the Allies. The Japanese had attacked too early. The officers and men of the 14th Army were tired but triumphant. They were ordered to move to Toungoo to block the road to Rangoon but a general uprising by Karen guerrillas who had been organised and equipped by Force 136 delayed them long enough for the 5th Indian Division to reach the town first on 23 April. To cover this break-out, Kimura ordered Honda's Thirty-third Army to mount a diversionary offensive across the Sittang, although the entire army could muster the strength of barely a regiment. The next intended operation was to be an amphibious assault on the western coast of Malaya, codenamed Operation Zipper. In 1943 the Thai Phayap Army invasion headed to Xishuangbanna at China, but were driven back by the Chinese nationalist force. The Burma Campaign - Historical Sheet - Second World War - History By the end of June, they had linked up with Stilwell's forces but were exhausted, and were withdrawn to India. Honda, pressed by Kimura and Kimura's chief of staff, Tanaka, had attacked too early. [2] Background Pagan and Dali Neither side wanted this fight at the start, but there were many remarkable feats of arms as the war progressed. After a pause during which more Allied reinforcements arrived, XXXIII Corps renewed its offensive. With the effective collapse of the entire defensive line, there was little choice left other than an overland retreat to India or to Yunnan. The last stragglers crossed the final mountain range into India at Imphal in May 1942. The Second World War was a worldwide conflict and Canadians served around the globe. Mountbatten nevertheless proposed to attempt Plans "Y" and "Z" simultaneously but Plan "Y" was adopted and renamed Operation Capital. 01 Sep 1939 End date: 15 Aug 1945 Event location: Italy, Greece, Sicily, France, Britain, Germany, Middle East, North Africa, Burma, Malaya, India, Far East, Pacific About: As in the First World War, Indian soldiers were called upon by Britain to help in the war effort. There were violent Quit India protests in Bengal and Bihar,[35] which required large numbers of British troops to suppress. Many of the historically and culturally significant areas of Mandalay, including the old royal palace, were burned to the ground. It aimed to cross the Irrawaddy close to Pakokku and then capture the main Japanese line of communication centre of Meiktila. King Narathihapate is unkindly remembered in Burmese history as Taruk-Pye Min, ("the King who Fled from the Taruk "). On 12 March, the Thirty-third Army HQ was also dispatched there, leaving only the 56th Division to hold the northern front. By now, the Japanese were at the end of their endurance. They damaged communications of the Japanese in northern Burma, cutting the railway for possibly two weeks but they suffered heavy casualties. Imphal was thus left vulnerable to an attack by the Japanese 15th Division from the north but because the diversionary attack launched by Japanese in Arakan had already been defeated, Slim was able to move the 5th Indian Division by air to the Central Front. Roland Nappin interview This, together with other factors such as famine and disorder in British India and the priority given by the Allies to the defeat of Nazi Germany, prolonged the campaign and divided it into four phases: the Japanese invasion, which led to the expulsion of British, Indian and Chinese forces in 1942; failed attempts by the Allies to mount offensives into Burma, from late 1942 to early 1944; the 1944 Japanese invasion of India, which ultimately failed following the battles of Imphal and Kohima; and finally the successful Allied offensive which liberated Burma from late 1944 to mid-1945. The leading Allied troops met Japanese rearguards north of Bago, 40 miles (64km) north of Rangoon, on 25 April.
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